Web 2.0

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On September 30, 2005, Tim O'Reilly = wrote a piece = summarizing=20 his view of Web 2.0. The mind map pictured = above=20 (constructed by Markus Angermeier ^[1] on = November=20 11, 2005) sums up=20 some of the themes=20 of Web 2.0, with example-sites and services attached.

Web 2.0 is a term describing a trend in the use of World=20 Wide Web technology and web design that = aims to=20 facilitate creativity, = information=20 sharing, and, most notably, collaboration among users. These concepts = have led=20 to the development and evolution of web-based communities and hosted=20 services, such as social-netw= orking=20 sites, wikis, blogs, and = folksonomies. The = term became=20 notable after the first O'Reilly = Media Web 2.0=20 conference in 2004.^[2][3] = Although the=20 term suggests a new version of the World Wide Web, = it does=20 not refer to an update to any technical specifications, but to changes = in the=20 ways software = developers=20 and end= -users=20 use webs. According to Tim = O'Reilly:

=E2=80=9C Web 2.0 is the business revolution in = the computer=20 industry caused by the move to the Internet as platform,=20 and an attempt to understand the rules for success on that new=20 platform.^[4] =E2=80=9D

Some technology experts, notably Tim = Berners-Lee, have=20 questioned whether one can use the term in a meaningful way, since many = of the=20 technology components of "Web 2.0" have existed since the early days of = the=20 Web.^[5][6]

1 Definition=20
2 Characteristics=20
3 Technology=20 overview=20
4 Associated=20 innovations=20
5 Web-based = applications and=20 desktops=20
- 5.1 Rich = Internet=20 applications=20
- 5.2 XML and = RSS=20
- 5.3 Web = APIs=20
6 Economics=20
7 Criticism=20
8 Trademark=20
9 See = also=20
10 References=20
11 Further = reading=20
12 External = links=20

[edit]=20 Definition

=20

eBay, a typical Web 2.0 = web=20 site

Web 2.0 has numerous definitions. Tim O'Reilly = regards Web=20 2.0 as business embracing = the web as a=20 platform and using its strengths (global audiences, for example).[citation = needed] O'Reilly considers that Eric Schmidt's = abridged=20 slogan, don't fight the Internet, encompasses the essence of Web = 2.0 =E2=80=94=20 building applications and services around = the unique=20 features of the Internet, as opposed = to=20 building applications and expecting the Internet to suit as a platform=20 (effectively "fighting the Internet").

In the opening talk of the first= Web 2.0=20 conference, O'Reilly and John Battelle = summarized=20 what they saw as the themes of Web 2.0. They argued that the web had = become a platform, with=20 software above the level of a single device, leveraging the power of the = "Long=20 Tail", and with data as a driving force. According to O'Reilly and = Battelle,=20 an architecture<= /A> of=20 participation where users can contribute website content creates network = effects. Web 2.0=20 technologies tend to foster innovation in the = assembly of=20 systems and sites composed by = pulling=20 together features from distributed, independent developers (a kind of = "open=20 source" development and an end to the software-adoption cycle, the = so-called "perpetual = beta"). Web 2.0=20 technology encourages li= ghtweight=20 business models = enabled=20 by syndication of = content=20 and of service and by ease of picking-up by early=20 adopters.^[7]

O'Reilly provided examples of companies or products that embody these = principles in his description of his four levels in the hierarchy of Web = 2.0-ness. Level-3 applications, the most "Web 2.0"-oriented, only exist = on the=20 Internet, deriving their effectiveness from the inter-human connections = and from=20 the network effects that Web 2.0 makes possible, and growing in = effectiveness in=20 proportion as people make more use of them. O'Reilly gave as examples eBay, Craigslist,=20 Wikipedia,=20 del.icio.us, Skype, dodgeball and AdSense. Level-2=20 applications can operate offline but gain advantages from going online. = O'Reilly=20 cited Flickr,=20 which benefits from its shared photo-database and from its = community-generated=20 tag database. Level-1 applications operate offline but gain features = online.=20 O'Reilly pointed to Writely (now Google= Docs=20 & Spreadsheets) and iTunes (because of its=20 music-store portion). Level-0 applications work as well offline as = online.=20 O'Reilly gave the examples of MapQuest, Yahoo!=20 Local and Google Maps=20 (mapping-applications using contributions from users to advantage can = rank as=20 "level 2"). Non-web applications like email, instant-messaging=20 clients and the telephone fall = outside the=20 above hierarchy.^[8]

In alluding to the version-numbers that = commonly=20 designate software upgrades, the phrase "Web 2.0" hints at an improved = form of=20 the World Wide Web. Technologies such as weblogs (blogs), wikis, podcasts, RSS = feeds (and=20 other forms of many-to-many publishing), social = software, and web=20 a= pplication=20 programming interfaces (APIs) provide enhancements over read-only = websites.=20 Stephen=20 Fry, who writes a column about technology in the British Guardian = newspaper,=20 describes Web 2.0 as:

=E2=80=9C =E2=80=A6an idea in people's heads rather than a = reality. It=E2=80=99s actually=20 an idea that the reciprocity between the user and the provider is = what's=20 emphasised. In other words, genuine interactivity, if you like, = simply=20 because people can upload as well as download.^[9] =E2=80=9D

The idea of "Web 2.0" can also relate to a transition of some websites from=20 isolated information = silos to=20 interlinked computing = platforms that function like locally-available software in the = perception of=20 the user. Web 2.0 also includes a social element where users generate = and=20 distribute content, often with freedom to share and re-use. This can = result in a=20 rise in the economic value of the web to businesses, as users can = perform more=20 activities online.^[10]

Others have provided additional definitions of Web 2.0:

=E2=80=9C =E2=80=A6the philosophy of mutually maximizing = collective intelligence=20 and added value for each participant by formalized and dynamic = information=20 sharing and creation.^[11] =E2=80=9D

=E2=80=9C =E2=80=A6all those Internet utilities and services = sustained in a data=20 base which can be modified by users whether in its content = (adding,=20 changing or deleting- information or associating metadates with = the=20 existing information), or how to display them, or in content and = external=20 aspect simultaneously^[12] =E2=80=9D

[edit]=20 Characteristics

=20

Flickr, Web 2.0 web = site that=20 allows users to upload and share photos

Web 2.0 websites allow users to do more than just retrieve = information. They=20 can build on the interactive facilities of "Web 1.0" to provide "Network as=20 platform" computing, allowing users to run software-applications = entirely=20 through a browser.^[13]==20 Users can own the data on a Web 2.0 site and exercise control over that=20 data.^[14]=[13]= =20 These sites may have an "Architecture of participation" that encourages = users to=20 add value to the application as they use it.^[13]=[2] This=20 stands in contrast to very old traditional websites, the sort which = limited=20 visitors to viewing and whose content only the site's owner could = modify. Web=20 2.0 sites often feature a rich, user-friendly interface based on Ajax,[13]= [2] Flex or=20 similar rich media. The sites may also have social-networking= =20 aspects.^[14]=[13]=

The concept of Web-as-participation= -platform=20 captures many of these characteristics. Bart Decrem, a = founder and=20 former CEO of Flock, = calls Web=20 2.0 the "participatory Web"^{[15]<=
/SUP> and=20
regards the Web-as-information-source as Web 1.0.}

The impossibility of excluding group-members who don=E2=80=99t = contribute to the=20 provision of goods from sharing profits gives rise to the possibility = that=20 rational members will prefer to withhold their contribution of effort = and free-ride = on the=20 contribution of others.^[16]

According to Best,^[17] = the=20 characteristics of Web 2.0 are: rich user experience, user = participation,=20 dynamic content, metadata, web standards and scalability. Three further=20 characteristics that Best did not mention about web 2.0: openness, = freedom[18] = and=20 collective intelligence^[19] = by way of=20 user participation =E2=80=93 all should be viewed as essential = attributes of Web=20 2.0.

[edit]=20 Technology overview

The sometimes complex and continually evolving technology = infrastructure of=20 Web 2.0 includes server-software= , content-syndica= tion,=20 messaging= -protocols,=20 standards-oriented browsers with plugins = and extensions,=20 and various client-applications. The differing, yet complementary = approaches of=20 such elements provide Web 2.0 sites with information-s= torage,=20 creation, and dissemination challenges and capabilities that go beyond = what the=20 public formerly expected in the environment of the so-called "Web = 1.0".

Web 2.0 websites typically include some of the following=20 features/techniques:

Cascading = Style=20 Sheets to aid in the separation of presentation and content=20
Folksonomies = (collaborative=20 tagging, social classification, social indexing, and social tagging)=20
Microformats = extending=20 pages with additional semantics=20
RES= T=20 and/or XML-= and/or=20 JSON-based A= PIs=20
Rich = Internet=20 application techniques, often Ajax-bas= ed=20
Semantically valid XHTML and HTML markup=20
Syndication, aggregation and notification of data in RSS or = Atom = feeds=20
mashups,=20 merging content from different sources, client- and server-side=20
Weblog-publishing = tools=20
wiki or forum = software, etc.,=20 to support user-generat= ed=20 content

[edit]=20 Associated innovations

It is a common misconception that "Web 2.0" refers to various visual = design=20 elements such as rounded corners or drop shadows. While such design = elements=20 have commonly been found on popular Web 2.0 sites, the truth is that the = association is merely one of fashion, a designer preference which became = popular=20 around the same time that "Web 2.0" became a buzz = word.

Another common missassociation with Web 2.0 is AJAX. = This error=20 probably comes about because many Web 2.0 sites rely heavily on AJAX or = DHTML effects commonly = associated=20 with AJAX. So while AJAX is often required for Web 2.0 sites to function = well, it is (usually) not required for them to = function.

[edit]=20 Web-based applications and = desktops

Ajax = has prompted=20 the development of websites that mimic desktop applications, such as word=20 processing, the spreadsheet, and = slide-show=20 presentation. WYSIWYG wiki sites replicate many = features=20 of PC authoring applications. Still other sites perform collaboration = and project = management=20 functions. In 2006 Google, Inc. acquired = one of the=20 best-known sites of this broad class, Writel= y.[20]

Several browser-based "operating = systems" have=20 emerged, including EyeOS^[21] = and YouOS[22]. = They=20 essentially function as application platforms, not as operating systems = per=20 se. These services mimic the user experience of desktop = operating-systems,=20 offering features and applications similar to a PC environment. They = have as=20 their distinguishing characteristic the ability to run within any modern = browser.

Numerous web-based application services appeared during the dot-com bubble = of=20 1997=E2=80=932001 and then vanished, having failed to gain a critical = mass of customers.=20 In 2005, WebEx=20 acquired one of the better-known of these, Intranets.com, = for USD45=20 million.^[23]

This section does not cite any references= or=20 sources. (November 2007)
Please improve this section by adding citations to reliable= =20 sources. Unverifiable= =20 material may be challenged and = removed.

[edit]=20 Rich Internet applications

Main article: Rich = Internet=20 application

Rich-Inte= rnet=20 application techniques such as AJAX, = Adobe=20 Flash, Flex, Java, Cur= l,=20 and Silverlight have=20 evolved that have the potential to improve the user-experience= in=20 browser-based applications. These technologies allow a web-page to = request an=20 update for some part of its content, and to alter that part in the = browser,=20 without needing to refresh the whole page at the same time.

Server-side software

Functionally, Web 2.0 applications build on the existing Web server=20 architecture, but rely much more heavily on back-end=20 software. Syndication differs only nominally from the methods of = publishing=20 using dynamic = content=20 management, but web services typically require much more robust database and workflow=20 support, and become very similar to the traditional intranet = functionality of an application = server.=20 Vendor approaches to date fall either = under a=20 universal server approach (which bundles most of the necessary = functionality in=20 a single server platform) or under a web-server plugin approach (which = uses=20 standard publishing tools enhanced with API interfaces and other = tools).

Client-side software

The extra functionality provided by Web 2.0 depends on the ability of = users=20 to work with the data stored on servers. This can = come about=20 through forms in an HTML page, through a=20 scripting-language such as Javascript / Ajax, = or through=20 Flash, Silverlight, Cur= l=20 Applets or Java Applets. = These methods=20 all make use of the client = computer=20 to reduce server workloads and to increase the responsiveness of the=20 application.

[edit]=20 XML and RSS

Advocates of "Web 2.0" may regard syndication of site content as a = Web 2.0=20 feature, involving as it does standardized protocols, which permit = end-users to=20 make use of a site's data in another context (such as another website, a = browser=20 plugin, or a separate desktop application). Protocols which permit = syndication=20 include RSS = (Really Simple=20 Syndication =E2=80=94 also known as "web syndication"), RDF<= /A> (as=20 in RSS 1.1), and Atom, all = of them XML-based = formats.=20 Observers have started to refer to these technologies as "Web feed" as the = usability of=20 Web 2.0 evolves and the more user-friendly Feeds icon supplants the RSS=20 icon.

Specialized protocols

Specialized protocols such as FOAF and = XFN = (both for social = networking)=20 extend the functionality of sites or permit end-users to interact = without=20 centralized websites.

[edit]=20 Web APIs

Machine-based interaction, a common feature of Web 2.0 sites, uses = two main=20 approaches to Web APIs, which allow web-based access to data and = functions: RES= T and=20 SOAP.

REST (Representational State Transfer) Web APIs use HTTP alone = to=20 interact, with XML or JSON payloads;=20
SOAP involves POSTing = more=20 elaborate XML messages and requests to a server that may contain quite = complex, but pre-defined, instructions for the server to follow. =

Often servers use proprietary APIs, but standard APIs (for example, = for=20 posting to a blog or notifying a blog update) have also come into wide = use. Most=20 communications through APIs involve XML (eXtensible Markup = Language) or=20 JSON = payloads.

See also W= eb=20 Services Description Language (WSDL) (the standard way of publishing = a SOAP=20 API) and this = list of=20 Web Service specifications.

[edit]=20 Economics

The analysis of the economic implications of "Web 2.0" applications = and=20 loosely-associated technologies such as wikis, blogs, social-networking, = open-source, open-content, file-sharing, peer-production, etc. has also = gained=20 scientific attention. This area of research investigates the = implications Web=20 2.0 has for an economy and the principles underlying the economy of Web = 2.0.

Don=20 Tapscott and Anthony D. Williams argue in their book Wikinomics: How Mass=20 Collaboration Changes Everything (2006) that the economy of "the = new=20 web" depends on mass collaboration. Tapscott and Williams regard it as = important=20 for new media companies to find ways of how to make profit with the help = of Web=20 2.0.^{[citation =

needed]} The prospective Internet-based economy that = they=20 term "Wikinomics" would depend on the principles of openness, peering, = sharing,=20 and acting globally. They identify seven Web 2.0 business-models (peer = pioneers,=20 ideagoras, prosumers, new = Alexandrians,=20 platforms for participation, global plantfloor, wiki workplace).[citation = needed]

Organizations could make use of these principles and models in order = to=20 prosper with the help of Web 2.0-like applications: "Companies can = design and=20 assemble products with their customers, and in some cases customers can = do the=20 majority of the value creation".^[24] = "In each=20 instance the traditionally passive buyers of editorial and advertising = take=20 active, participatory roles in value creation."^[25] = Tapscott=20 and Williams suggest business strategies as "models where masses of = consumers,=20 employees, suppliers, business partners, and even competitors cocreate = value in=20 the absence of direct managerial control".^[26]=20 Tapscott and Williams see the outcome as an economic democracy.

Some other views in the scientific debate agree with Tapscott and = Williams=20 that value-creation increasingly depends on harnessing open = source/content,=20 networking, sharing, and peering, but disagree that this will result in = an=20 economic democracy, predicting a subtle form and deepening of = exploitation, in=20 which Internet-based global outsourcing reduces labour-costs. In such a = view,=20 the economic implications of a new web might include on the one hand the = emergence of new business-models based on global outsourcing, whereas on = the=20 other hand non-commercial online platforms could undermine profit-making = and=20 anticipate a co-operative economy. For example, Tiziana Terranova speaks = of=20 "free labor" (performed without payment) in the case where prosumers = produce=20 surplus value in the circulation-sphere of the cultural industries.[27]

[edit]=20 Criticism

The argument exists that "Web 2.0" does not represent a new version = of the World=20 Wide Web at all, but merely continues to use so-called "Web 1.0"=20 technologies and concepts. Techniques such as AJAX do = not=20 replace underlying protocols like HTTP, but add an = additional layer=20 of abstraction on top of them. Many of the ideas of Web 2.0 had already = been=20 featured in implementations on networked systems well before the term = "Web 2.0"=20 emerged. Amazon.com, for = instance, has=20 allowed users to write reviews and consumer guides since its launch in = 1995, in=20 a form of self-publishing. Amazon also opened its API to outside = developers in=20 2002.^[28] = Previous=20 developments also came from research in computer-supported=20 collaborative learning and computer-supported = cooperative work=20 and from established products like Lotus Notes and Lotus Domino.

In a podcast interview Tim = Berners-Lee=20 described the term "Web 2.0" as a "piece of jargon." "Nobody really = knows what=20 it means," he said, and went on to say that "if Web 2.0 for you is blogs = and=20 wikis, then that is people to people. But that was what the Web was = supposed to=20 be all along."^[5]

Other criticism has included the term =E2=80=9Ca second = bubble=E2=80=9D (referring to the Dot-com bubble = of circa=20 1995=E2=80=932001), suggesting that too many Web 2.0 companies attempt = to develop the=20 same product with a lack of business models. The = Economist has=20 written of "Bubble 2.0."^[29]

Venture = capitalist Josh=20 Kopelman noted that Web 2.0 excited only 530,651 people (the number = of=20 subscribers to TechCrunch, a = Weblog covering=20 Web 2.0 matters), too few users to make them an economically viable = target for=20 consumer applications.^[30]

Although Bruce Sterling = reports=20 he's a fan of Web 2.0, he thinks it is now dead as a rallying = concept.[31]

A few critics cite the language used to describe the hype cycle of = Web 2.0=20 ^[32] = as an=20 example of Techno-utopianist= =20 rhetoric.^[33]=20 Furthermore, Web 2.0 is not the first example of communication creating = a false,=20 hyper-inflated sense of the value of technology and its impact on = culture. The=20 dot com bust of the year 2000 was a culmination of rhetoric of the = technological=20 sublime. Commu= nication=20 as culture: essays on media and society (1989) and the = technologies=20 worth as represented in the stock market. Indeed, several years before = the dot=20 com stock market crash the then-Federal Reserve chairman Alan Greenspan = equated=20 the run up of stock values as irrational exuberance. Shortly before the = crash of=20 2000 a book by Shiller, Robert J. Irrational=20 Exuberance. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000. was = released detailing the overly optimistic euphoria of the dot com = industry. The=20 book Wikinomics: How Mass=20 Collaboration Changes Everything (2006) even goes as far as to = quote=20 critics of the value of Web 2.0 in an attempt to acknowledge that hyper = inflated=20 expectations exist but that Web 2.0 is really different.

However the language of the technological sublime is nothing new to = the=20 United States communication culture and examples can be found as far = back as=20 1858 in the description of the telegraph. Briggs and Maverick, Charles = F. &=20 Augustus (1858). telegraph, .... Rudd & Carleton.

Critics argue^{[citation =

needed]} that Web 2.0 futurists are blinded by the=20 technology and blissfully ignore the all too real internet = censorship=20 that governments and corporations may apply to communication media. = There exist=20 a probability that the Web 2.0 phenomenon may ultimately lead to a mere=20 augmentation of current cultural information exchanges that are bound by = existing political and societal strictures.

[edit]=20 Trademark

In November 2004, = CMP Media applied to = the USPTO for a service=20 mark on the use of the term "WEB 2.0" for live events.^[34] = On the=20 basis of this application, CMP Media sent a cease-and-desist demand=20 to the Irish=20 non-profit organization http://en.wikipedia.org/w= iki/IT%40Cork=20 on May = 24, 2006,[35] = but=20 retracted it two days later.^[36] = The "WEB=20 2.0" service mark registration passed final PTO Examining Attorney = review on May = 10, 2006, but as = of June = 12, 2006 the PTO = had not=20 published the mark for opposition. The European Union=20 application (application number 004972212, which would confer = unambiguous status=20 in Ireland) remains currently pending = after its=20 filing on March=20 23, 2006.

[edit]=20 See also

At Wikiversity, you = can learn=20 about:=20

Web=20 2.0

[edit]=20 References

^ Markus Angermeier : Web 2.0 Mindmap Translated = versions=20
^ ^<=
B>a=20 ^<=
B>b=20 ^<=
B>c=20 Paul=20 Graham (November 2005). Web = 2.0.=20 Retrieved on 2006-08-02. =E2=80=9C"= I first heard=20 the phrase 'Web 2.0' in the name of the Web 2.0 conference in = 2004."=E2=80=9D=20
^ Tim=20 O'Reilly (2005-09-30). What Is Web 2.0. O'Reilly Network. Retrieved on 2006-08-06.=20
^ Tim = O'Reilly=20 (2006-12-10). Web 2.0 Compact Definition: Trying Again. Retrieved = on 2007-01-20.=20
^ ^a=20 ^b=20 developerWorks Interviews: Tim Berners-Lee = (7-28-2006).=20 Retrieved on 2007-02-07.=20
^ Nate = Anderson=20 (2006-09-01). Tim Berners-Lee on Web 2.0: "nobody even knows what it=20 means". arstechnica.com. Retrieved on 2006-09-05.=20
^ Web 2.0 Conference. conferences.oreillynet.com. = Retrieved on=20 2007-11-08.=20
^ Tim=20 O'Reilly (2006-07-17). Levels of the Game: The Hierarchy of Web 2.0 = Applications.=20 O'Reilly radar. Retrieved on 2006-08-08.=20
^ Stephen Fry: Web 2.0 (Video interview (Adobe Flash)). = Retrieved=20 on 2007-07-26.=20
^ = Barnwal, Rajesh=20 (2007-01-21).=20 Web = 2.0 is all=20 about understanding the economic value of social interaction. = AlooTechie.=20 Retrieved on 2008-02-23.=20
^ = H=C3=B6gg, R.=20 Meckel, M., Stanoevska-Slabeva, K., Martignoni, R., 2006. Overview of = business=20 models for Web 2.0 communities. Proceedings of GeNeMe, p.23-37.=20
^ Xavier Ribes = (2007-10-01). La Web 2.0. El valor de los metadatos y de la = inteligencia=20 colectiva. Telos. Cuadernos de Comunicaci=C3=B3n, = Tecnolog=C3=ADa y Sociedad.=20 Retrieved on 2008-01-08.=20
^ ^a=20 ^b=20 ^c=20 ^d=20 ^e=20 Tim=20 O'Reilly (2005-09-30). What Is Web 2.0. O'Reilly Network. Retrieved on 2006-08-06.=20
^ a=20 b=20 Dion Hinchcliffe (2006-04-02). The State of=20 Web 2.0. Web Services Journal. Retrieved on 2006-08-06.=20
^ Bart=20 Decrem (2006-06-13). Introducing = Flock Beta=20 1. Flock = official=20 blog. = Retrieved on=20 2007-01-13.=20
^ = Gerald Marwell=20 and Ruth E. Ames: "Experiments on the Provision of Public Goods. I. = Resources,=20 Interest, Group Size, and the Free-Rider Problem". The American = Journal of=20 Sociology, Vol. 84, No. 6 (May, 1979), pp. 1335-1360=20
^ = Best, D.,=20 2006. Web 2.0 Next Big Thing or Next Big Internet Bubble? Lecture Web=20 Information Systems. Techni sche Universiteit Eindhoven.=20
^ = Greenmeier,=20 Larry and Gaudin, Sharon. Amid The Rush To Web 2.0, Some Words Of Warning -- Web = 2.0 --=20 InformationWeek. www.informationweek.com. Retrieved on 2008-04-04.=20
^ = O=E2=80=99Reilly, T.,=20 2005. What is Web 2.0. Design Patterns and Business Models for the = Next=20 Generation of Software, 30, p.2005.=20
^ Google buys=20 Web word-processing technology. www.news.com. Retrieved on 2007-12-12.=20
^ Can eyeOS Succeed Where Desktop.com Failed?.=20 www.techcrunch.com. Retrieved on 2007-12-12.=20
^ Tech Beat Hey YouOS! - BusinessWeek. = www.businessweek.com.=20 Retrieved on 2007-12-12.=20
^ PC World - WebEx Snaps Up Intranets.com. = www.pcworld.com.=20 Retrieved on 2007-12-12.=20
^ = Tapscott, Don=20 and Anthony D. Williams. 2007. Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration = Changes=20 Everything. New York: Penguin. pp. 289sq.=20
^ = Tapscott, Don=20 and Anthony D. Williams. 2007. Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration = Changes=20 Everything. New York: Penguin. p. 14.=20
^ = Tapscott, Don=20 and Anthony D. Williams. 2007. Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration = Changes=20 Everything. New York: Penguin. p. 55.=20
^ = Terranova,=20 Tiziana. 2000. "Free Labor: Producing Culture for the Digital = Economy".=20 Social Text 18(2): 33-57.=20
^ Tim=20 O'Reilly (2002-06-18). Amazon Web=20 Services API. O'Reilly Network. Retrieved on 2006-05-27.=20
^ Bubble 2.0. The Economist (2005-12-22). = Retrieved on 2006-12-20.=20
^ Josh=20 Kopelman (2006-05-11). 53,651. Redeye VC. Retrieved on 2006-12-21.=20
^ "Bruce Sterling presenta il web 2.0". = "LASTAMPA.it".=20
^ "Gartner 2006=20 Emerging Technologies Hype Cycle.=20
^ = {cite web=20 |title=3D""Critical Perspectives on Web 2.0," Special issue of First = Monday, 13(3), 2008." |url=3Dhttp://www.uic.edu/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/issu= e/view/263/showToc=20 }}=20
^ USPTO serial number 78322306=20
^ O'Reilly and CMP Exercise Trademark on 'Web 2.0'.=20 Slashdot (2006-05-26). Retrieved on = 2006-05-27.=20
^ = Nathan=20 Torkington (2006-05-26). O'Reilly's coverage of Web 2.0 as a service mark. = O'Reilly=20 Radar. Retrieved on 2006-06-01. =

[edit]=20 Further reading

"Critical Perspectives on Web 2.0", Special issue = of First = Monday, 13(3), 2008.

[edit]=20 External links

Web 2.0 Summit=20
Web = 2.0 - A YouTube video = made by Michael Wesch = explaining=20 Web 2.0 in just under 5 minutes.

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wik= i/Web_2.0"

Categories: = Branding |=20 Buzzwords |=20 World Wide = Web | Web=20 services | Web = 2.0 | Internet=20 memes

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